Semantic Definition Format (SDF) for Data and Interactions of Things

Internet-Draft	OneDM SDF	September 2023
Koster, et al.	Expires 7 March 2024	[Page]

Abstract

The Semantic Definition Format (SDF) is a format for domain experts to use in the creation and maintenance of data and interaction models in the Internet of Things. An SDF specification describes definitions of SDF Objects and their associated interactions (Events, Actions, Properties), as well as the Data types for the information exchanged in those interactions. Tools convert this format to database formats and other serializations as needed.¶

A JSON format representation of SDF 1.0 was defined in version (-00) of this document; version (-05) was designated as an implementation draft, labeled SDF 1.1, at the IETF110 meeting of the ASDF WG (2021-03-11). The present version (-15) adds a number of editorial improvements and an example for removing an affordance from a target referenced via sdfRef.¶

1. Introduction

1.1. Terminology and Conventions

Thing:: A physical item that is also made available in the Internet of Things. The term is used here for Things that are notable for their interaction with the physical world beyond interaction with humans; a temperature sensor or a light might be a Thing, but a router that employs both temperature sensors and indicator lights might exhibit less Thingness, as the effects of its functioning are mostly on the digital side.¶
Affordance:: An element of an interface offered for interaction, defining its possible uses or making clear how it can or should be used. The term is used here for the digital interfaces of a Thing only; it might also have physical affordances such as buttons, dials, and displays.¶
Quality:: A metadata item in a definition or declaration which says something about that definition or declaration. A quality is represented in SDF as an entry in a JSON map (object) that serves as a definition or declaration.¶
Entry:: A key-value pair in a map. (In JSON maps, sometimes also called "member".)¶
Block:: One or more entries in a JSON map that is part of an SDF specification; these entries together serve a specific function.¶
Group:: An entry in the main SDF map and in certain nested definitions that has a Class Name Keyword as its key and a map of definition entries (Definition Group) as a value.¶
Class Name Keyword:: One of sdfThing, sdfObject, sdfProperty, sdfAction, sdfEvent, or sdfData; the Classes for these type keywords are capitalized and prefixed with sdf.¶
Class:: Abstract term for the information that is contained in groups identified by a Class Name Keyword.¶
Property:: An affordance that can potentially be used to read, write, and/or observe state on an Object. (Note that Entries are often called properties in other environments; in this document, the term Property is specifically reserved for affordances, even if the map key "properties" might be imported from a data definition language with the other semantics.)¶
Action:: An affordance that can potentially be used to perform a named operation on an Object.¶
Event:: An affordance that can potentially be used to obtain information about what happened to an Object.¶
Object:: A grouping of Property, Action, and Event definitions; the main "atom" of reusable semantics for model construction. Objects are similar to Things but do not allow nesting, i.e., they cannot contain other Objects or Things. (Note that JSON maps are often called JSON objects due to JSON's JavaScript heritage; in this document, the term Object is specifically reserved for the above grouping, even if the type name "object" might be imported from a data definition language with the other semantics.)¶
Element:: A part or an aspect of something abstract; used here in its usual English definition. (Occasionally, also used specifically for the elements of JSON arrays.)¶
Definition:: An entry in a Definition Group; the entry creates a new semantic term for use in SDF models and associates it with a set of qualities.¶
Declaration:: A definition within an enclosing definition, intended to create component instances within that enclosing definition. Every declaration can also be used as a definition for reference in a different place.¶
Protocol Binding:: A companion document to an SDF specification that defines how to map the abstract concepts in the specification into the protocols in use in a specific ecosystem. Might supply URL components, numeric IDs, and similar details. Protocol Bindings are one case of an Augmentation Mechanism.¶
Augmentation Mechanism:: A companion document to a base SDF specification that provides additional information ("augments" the base specification), possibly for use in a specific ecosystem or with a specific protocol ("Protocol Binding"). No specific Augmentation Mechanisms are defined in this version of SDF. A simple mechanism for such augmentations has been discussed as a "mapping file" [I-D.bormann-asdf-sdf-mapping].¶

The term "byte" is used in its now-customary sense as a synonym for "octet".¶

Conventions:¶

The singular form is chosen as the preferred one for the keywords defined here.¶

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.¶

2. Overview

2.1. Example Definition

We start with an example for the SDF definition of a simple Object called "Switch" (Figure 1).¶

{
  "info": {
    "title": "Example file for OneDM Semantic Definition Format",
    "version": "2019-04-24",
    "copyright": "Copyright 2019 Example Corp. All rights reserved.",
    "license": "https://example.com/license"
  },
  "namespace": {
    "cap": "https://example.com/capability/cap"
  },
  "defaultNamespace": "cap",
  "sdfObject": {
    "Switch": {
      "sdfProperty": {
        "value": {
          "description":
"The state of the switch; false for off and true for on.",
          "type": "boolean"
        }
      },
      "sdfAction": {
        "on": {
          "description":
"Turn the switch on; equivalent to setting value to true."
        },
        "off": {
          "description":
"Turn the switch off; equivalent to setting value to false."
        },
        "toggle": {
          "description":
"Toggle the switch; equivalent to setting value to its complement."
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Figure 1: A simple example of an SDF definition file

This is a model of a switch. The state value declared in the sdfProperty group, represented by a Boolean, will be true for "on" and will be false for "off". The actions on or off declared in the sdfAction group are redundant with setting the value and are in the example to illustrate that there are often different ways of achieving the same effect. The action toggle will invert the value of the sdfProperty value, so that 2-way switches can be created; having such action will avoid the need for first retrieving the current value and then applying/setting the inverted value.¶

The sdfObject group lists the affordances of instances of this object. The sdfProperty group lists the property affordances described by the model; these represent various perspectives on the state of the object. Properties can have additional qualities to describe the state more precisely. Properties can be annotated to be read, write or read/write; how this is actually done by the underlying transfer protocols is not described in the SDF model but left to companion protocol bindings. Properties are often used with RESTful paradigms [I-D.irtf-t2trg-rest-iot], describing state. The sdfAction group is the mechanism to describe other interactions in terms of their names, input, and output data (no data are used in the example), as in a POST method in REST or in a remote procedure call. The example toggle is an Action that changes the state based on the current state of the Property named value. (The third type of affordance is Events, which are not described in this example.)¶

In the JSON representation, note how (with the exception of the info group) maps that have keys taken from the SDF vocabulary (info, namespace, sdfObject) alternate in nesting with maps that have keys that are freely defined by the model writer (Switch, value, on, etc.); the latter usually use the named<> production in the formal syntax of SDF (Appendix A), while the former SDF-defined vocabulary items are often, but not always, called qualities.¶

2.2. Elements of an SDF model

The SDF language uses six predefined Class Name Keywords for modeling connected Things which are illustrated in Figure 2.¶

Figure 2: Main classes used in SDF models

The six main Class Name Keywords are discussed below.¶

2.2.1. sdfObject

Objects, the items listed in an sdfObject group, are the main "atom" of reusable semantics for model construction. It aligns in scope with common definition items from many IoT modeling systems, for example ZigBee Clusters [ZCL], OMA SpecWorks LwM2M Objects [OMA], and OCF Resource Types [OCF].¶

An sdfObject contains a set of sdfProperty, sdfAction, and sdfEvent definitions that describe the interaction affordances associated with some scope of functionality.¶

For the granularity of definition, sdfObject definitions are meant to be kept narrow enough in scope to enable broad reuse and interoperability. For example, defining a light bulb using separate sdfObject definitions for on/off control, dimming, and color control affordances will enable interoperable functionality to be configured for diverse product types. An sdfObject definition for a common on/off control may be used to control may different kinds of Things that require on/off control.¶

The presence of one or both of the optional qualities "minItems" and "maxItems" defines the sdfObject as an array. (Note: Setting "minItems" to zero and leaving out "maxItems" puts the minimum constraints on that array.)¶

2.2.2. sdfProperty

sdfProperty is used to model elements of state within sdfObject instances.¶

An instance of sdfProperty may be associated with some protocol affordance to enable the application to obtain the state variable and, optionally, modify the state variable. Additionally, some protocols provide for in-time reporting of state changes. (These three aspects are described by the qualities readable, writable, and observable defined for an sdfProperty.)¶

Definitions in sdfProperty groups include the definitions from sdfData groups, however, they actually also declare a Property with the given qualities to be potentially present in the containing Object.¶

For definitions in sdfProperty and sdfData, SDF provides qualities that can constrain the structure and values of data allowed in an instance of these data, as well as qualities that associate semantics to these data, for engineering units and unit scaling information.¶

For the data definition within sdfProperty or sdfData, SDF borrows some vocabulary proposed for the drafts 4 and 7 of the json-schema.org "JSON Schema" format (collectively called JSO here), enhanced by qualities that are specific to SDF. Details about the former are in Appendix C. For the current version of SDF, data are constrained to be of simple types (number, string, Boolean), JSON maps composed of named data ("objects"), and arrays of these types. Syntax extension points are provided that can be used to provide richer types in future versions of this specification (possibly more of which can be borrowed from json-schema.org).¶

Note that sdfProperty definitions (and sdfData definitions in general) are not intended to constrain the formats of data used for communication over network interfaces. Where needed, data definitions for payloads of protocol messages are expected to be part of the protocol binding.¶

2.2.3. sdfAction

The sdfAction group contains declarations of Actions, model affordances that, when triggered, have more effect than just reading, updating, or observing Thing state, often resulting in some outward physical effect (which, itself, cannot be modeled in SDF). From a programmer's perspective, they might be considered to be roughly analogous to method calls.¶

Actions may have data parameters; these are modeled as a single item of input data and output data, each. (Where multiple parameters need to be modeled, an "object" type can be used to combine these parameters into one.) Actions may be long-running, that is to say that the effects may not take place immediately as would be expected for an update to an sdfProperty; the effects may play out over time and emit action results. Actions may also not always complete and may result in application errors, such as an item blocking the closing of an automatic door.¶

Actions may have (or lack) qualities of idempotency and side-effect safety.¶

The current version of SDF only provides data constraint modeling and semantics for the input and output data of definitions in sdfAction groups. Again, data definitions for payloads of protocol messages, and detailed protocol settings for invoking the action, are expected to be part of the protocol binding.¶

2.2.4. sdfEvent

The sdfEvent group contains declarations of Events, which can model affordances that inform about "happenings" associated with an instance of an Object; these may result in a signal being stored or emitted as a result.¶

Note that there is a trivial overlap with sdfProperty state changes, which may also be defined as events but are not generally required to be defined as such. However, Events may exhibit certain ordering, consistency, and reliability requirements that are expected to be supported in various implementations of sdfEvent that do distinguish sdfEvent from sdfProperty. For instance, while a state change may simply be superseded by another state change, some events are "precious" and need to be preserved even if further events follow.¶

The current version of SDF only provides data constraint modeling and semantics for the output data of Event affordances. Again, data definitions for payloads of protocol messages, and detailed protocol settings for invoking the action, are expected to be part of the protocol binding.¶

2.2.5. sdfData

Definitions in sdfData groups do not themselves specify affordances. These definitions are provided separately from those in sdfProperty groups to enable common modeling patterns, data constraints, and semantic anchor concepts to be factored out for data items that make up sdfProperty items and serve as input and output data for sdfAction and sdfEvent items. The sdfData definitions only spring to life by being referenced in one of these contexts (directly or indirectly via some other sdfData definitions).¶

It is a common use case for such a data definition to be shared between an sdfProperty item and input or output parameters of an sdfAction or output data provided by an sdfEvent. sdfData definitions also enable factoring out extended application data types such as mode and machine state enumerations to be reused across multiple definitions that have similar basic characteristics and requirements.¶

2.2.6. sdfThing

Back at the top level, the sdfThing groups enables definition of models for complex devices that will use one or more sdfObject definitions. sdfThing groups, however, also allow for including interaction affordances, sdfData, as well as minItems and maxItems qualities. Therefore, they can be seen as a superset of sdfObject groups, additionally allowing for composition.¶

A definition in an sdfThing group can refine the metadata of the definitions it is composed of: other definitions in sdfThing groups definitions in sdfObject groups.¶

2.3. Member names: Given Names and Quality Names

SDF models are JSON objects (maps) that mostly employ JSON objects as member values, which in turn mostly employ JSON objects as their member values, and so on. This nested structure of JSON objects creates a tree, where the edges are the member names (map keys) used in these JSON objects. (In certain cases, where member names are not needed, JSON arrays may be interspersed in this tree.)¶

2.3.1. Given Names and Quality Names

For any particular JSON object in an SDF model, the set of member names that are used is either of:¶

A set of "Quality Names", where the entries in the object are Qualities. Quality Names are defined by the present specification and its extensions, together with specific semantics to be associated with the member value given with a certain Quality Name.¶
A set of "Given Names", where the entries in the object are separate entities (definitions, declarations, etc.) that each have names that are chosen by the SDF model author in order that these names can be employed by a user of that model.¶

In a path from the root of the tree to any leaf, Quality Names and Given Names roughly alternate (with the information block, Section 3.1, as a prominent exception).¶

The meaning of the JSON object that is the member value associated with a Given Name is derived from the Quality Name that was used as the member name associated to the parent. In the CDDL grammar given in Appendix A, JSON objects with member names that are Given Names are defined using the CDDL generic rule reference named<objectmembers>, where objectmembers is in turn the structure of the members of the JSON object that is the value of the member named by the Given Name. As quality-named objects and given-named objects roughly alternate in a path down the tree, objectmembers is usually an object built from Quality Names.¶

2.3.2. Hierarchical Names

From the outside of a specification, Given Names are usually used as part of a hierarchical name that looks like a JSON pointer [RFC6901], itself generally rooted in (used as the fragment identifier in) an outer namespace that looks like an https:// URL (see Section 4).¶

As Quality Names and Given Names roughly alternate in a path into the model, the JSON pointer part of the hierarchical name also alternates between Quality Names and Given Names.¶

2.3.3. Extensibility of Given Names and Quality Names

In SDF, both Quality Names and Given Names are extension points. This is more obvious for Quality Names: Extending SDF is mostly done by defining additional qualities. To enable non-conflicting third party extensions to SDF, qualified names (names with an embedded colon) can be used as Quality Names.¶

A nonqualified Quality Name is composed of ASCII letters, digits, and $ signs, starting with a lower case letter or a $ sign (i.e., using a pattern of "⁠[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*"). Names with $ signs are intended to be used for functions separate from most other names; for instance, in this specification $comment is used for the comment quality (the presence or absence of a $comment quality does not change the meaning of the SDF model). Names that are composed of multiple English words can use the "lowerCamelCase" convention [CamelCase] for indicating the word boundaries; no other use is intended for upper case letters in quality names.¶

A qualified Quality Name is composed of a Quality Name Prefix, a : (colon) character, and a nonqualified Quality Name. Quality Name Prefixes are registered in the "Quality Name Prefixes" sub-registry in the "SDF Parameters" registry (Section 7.3.1); they are composed of lower case ASCII letters and digits, starting with a lower case ASCII letter (i.e., using a pattern of "⁠[a-z][a-z0-9]*").¶

Given Names are not restricted by the current formal SDF syntax. To enable non-surprising name translations in tools, combinations of ASCII alphanumeric characters and - (ASCII hyphen/minus) are preferred, typically employing KebabCase for names constructed out of multiple words [KebabCase]. ASCII hyphen/minus can then unambiguously be translated to an ASCII _ underscore character and back depending on the programming environment. Some styles also allow a dot . in given names. Given Names are often sufficiently self-explanatory that they can be used in place of the label quality if that is not given. In turn, if a given name turns out too complicated, a more elaborate label can be given and the given name kept simple. The current version of SDF does not address internationalization of given names.¶

Further, to enable Given Names to have a more powerful role in building global hierarchical names, an extension is planned that makes use of qualified names for Given Names. So, until that extension is defined, Given Names with (one or more) embedded colons are reserved and MUST NOT be used in an SDF model.¶

All names in SDF are case-sensitive.¶

3. SDF structure

SDF definitions are contained in SDF files. One or more SDF files can work together to provide the definitions and declarations that are the payload of the SDF format.¶

An SDF definition file contains a single JSON map (JSON object). This object has three blocks: the information block, the namespaces block, and the definitions block.¶

3.1. Information block

The information block contains generic meta data for the file itself and all included definitions. To enable tool integration, the information block is optional in the grammar of SDF; most processes for working with SDF files will have policies that only SDF models with an info block can be processed. It is therefore RECOMMENDED that SDF validator tools emit a warning when no information block is found.¶

The keyword (map key) that defines an information block is "info". Its value is a JSON map in turn, with a set of entries that represent qualities that apply to the included definition.¶

Qualities of the information block are shown in Table 1.¶

Table 1: Qualities of the Information Block
Quality	Type	Required	Description
title	string	no	A short summary to be displayed in search results, etc.
version	string	no	The incremental version of the definition
modified	string	no	Time of the latest modification
copyright	string	no	Link to text or embedded text containing a copyright notice
license	string	no	Link to text or embedded text containing license terms
features	array of strings	no	List of extension features used
$comment	string	no	Source code comments only, no semantics

The version quality is used to indicate version information about the set of definitions in the file. The version is RECOMMENDED to be lexicographically increasing over the life of a model: a newer model always has a version string that string-compares higher than all previous versions. This is easily achieved by following the convention to start the version with an [RFC3339] date-time or, if new versions are generated less frequently than once a day, just the full-date (i.e., YYYY-MM-DD); in many cases, that will be all that is needed (see Figure 1 for an example). This specification does not give a strict definition for the format of the version string but each using system or organization should define internal structure and semantics to the level needed for their use. If no further details are provided, a date-time or full-date in this field can be assumed to indicate the latest update time of the definitions in the file.¶

The modified quality can be used with a value using [RFC3339] date-time (with Z for time-zone) or full-date format to express time of the latest revision of the definitions.¶

The license string is preferably either a URI that points to a web page with an unambiguous definition of the license, or an [SPDX] license identifier. (For models to be handled by the One Data Model liaison group, this will typically be "BSD-3-Clause".)¶

The features quality can be used to list names of critical (i.e., cannot be safely ignored) SDF extension features that need to be understood for the definitions to be properly processed. Extension feature names will be specified in extension documents.¶

3.2. Namespaces block

The namespaces block contains the namespace map and the defaultNamespace setting.¶

The namespace map is a map from short names for URIs to the namespace URIs themselves.¶

The defaultNamespace setting selects one of the entries in the namespace map by giving its short name. The associated URI (value of this entry) becomes the default namespace for the SDF definition file.¶

Table 2: Namespaces Block
Quality	Type	Required	Description
namespace	map	no	Defines short names mapped to namespace URIs, to be used as identifier prefixes
defaultNamespace	string	no	Identifies one of the prefixes in the namespace map to be used as a default in resolving identifiers

The following example declares a set of namespaces and defines cap as the default namespace. By convention, the values in the namespace map contain full URIs without a fragment identifier, and the fragment identifier is then added, if needed, where the namespace entry is used.¶

"namespace": {
  "cap": "https://example.com/capability/cap",
  "zcl": "https://zcl.example.com/sdf"
},
"defaultNamespace": "cap"

If no defaultNamespace setting is given, the SDF definition file does not contribute to a global namespace (all definitions remain local to the model and are not accessible for re-use by other models). As the defaultNamespace is set by giving a namespace short name, its presence requires a namespace map that contains a mapping for that namespace short name.¶

If no namespace map is given, no short names for namespace URIs are set up, and no defaultNamespace can be given.¶

3.3. Definitions block

The Definitions block contains one or more groups, each identified by a Class Name Keyword (there can only be one group per keyword; the actual grouping is just a shortcut and does not carry any specific semantics). The value of each group is a JSON map (object), the keys of which serve for naming the individual definitions in this group, and the corresponding values provide a set of qualities (name-value pairs) for the individual definition. (In short, we speak of the map entries as "named sets of qualities".)¶

Each group may contain zero or more definitions. Each identifier defined creates a new type and term in the target namespace. Declarations have a scope of the current definition block.¶

A definition may in turn contain other definitions. Each definition is a named set of qualities, i.e., it consists of the newly defined identifier and a set of key-value pairs that represent the defined qualities and contained definitions.¶

An example for an Object definition is given in Figure 3:¶

"sdfObject": {
  "foo": {
    "sdfProperty": {
      "bar": {
        "type": "boolean"
      }
    }
  }
}

Figure 3: Example Object definition

This example defines an Object "foo" that is defined in the default namespace (full address: #/sdfObject/foo), containing a property that can be addressed as #/sdfObject/foo/sdfProperty/bar, with data of type boolean.¶

Some of the definitions are also declarations: the definition of the entry "bar" in the property "foo" means that each instance of a "foo" can have zero or one instance of a "bar". Entries within sdfProperty, sdfAction, and sdfEvent, within sdfObject entries, are declarations. Similarly, entries within an sdfThing describe instances of sdfObject (or nested sdfThing) that form part of instances of the Thing.¶

4. Names and namespaces

SDF definition files may contribute to a global namespace, and may reference elements from that global namespace. (An SDF definition file that does not set a defaultNamespace does not contribute to a global namespace.)¶

4.1. Structure

Global names look exactly like https:// URIs with attached fragment identifiers.¶

There is no intention to require that these URIs can be dereferenced. (However, as future versions of SDF might find a use for dereferencing global names, the URI should be chosen in such a way that this may become possible in the future.)¶

The absolute URI of a global name should be a URI as per Section 3 of [RFC3986], with a scheme of "https" and a path (hier-part in [RFC3986]). For the present version of this specification, the query part should not be used (it might be used in later versions).¶

The fragment identifier is constructed as per Section 6 of [RFC6901].¶

4.2. Contributing global names

The fragment identifier part of a global name defined in an SDF definition file is constructed from a JSON pointer that selects the element defined for this name in the SDF definition file.¶

The absolute URI part is a copy of the default namespace, i.e., the default namespace is always the target namespace for a name for which a definition is contributed. When emphasizing that name definitions are contributed to the default namespace, we therefore also call it the "target namespace" of the SDF definition file.¶

E.g., in Figure 1, definitions for the following global names are contributed:¶

https://example.com/capability/cap#/sdfObject/Switch¶
https://example.com/capability/cap#/sdfObject/Switch/sdfProperty/value¶
https://example.com/capability/cap#/sdfObject/Switch/sdfAction/on¶
https://example.com/capability/cap#/sdfObject/Switch/sdfAction/off¶

Note the #, which separates the absolute-URI part (Section 4.3 of [RFC3986]) from the fragment identifier part.¶

4.3. Referencing global names

A name reference takes the form of the production curie in [W3C.NOTE-curie-20101216] (note that this excludes the production safe-curie), but also limiting the IRIs involved in that production to URIs as per [RFC3986] and the prefixes to ASCII characters [RFC0020].¶

A name that is contributed by the current SDF definition file can be referenced by a Same-Document Reference as per Section 4.4 of [RFC3986]. As there is little point in referencing the entire SDF definition file, this will be a # followed by a JSON pointer. This is the only kind of name reference to itself that is possible in an SDF definition file that does not set a default namespace.¶

Name references that point outside the current SDF definition file need to contain curie prefixes. These then reference namespace declarations in the namespaces block.¶

For example, if a namespace prefix is defined:¶

"namespace": {
  "foo": "https://example.com/"
}

Then this reference to that namespace:¶

"sdfRef": "foo:#/sdfData/temperatureData"

references the global name:¶

"https://example.com/#/sdfData/temperatureData"

Note that there is no way to provide a URI scheme name in a curie, so all references outside of the document need to go through the namespace map.¶

Name references occur only in specific elements of the syntax of SDF:¶

copying elements via sdfRef values¶
pointing to elements via sdfRequired value elements¶

4.4. sdfRef

In a JSON map establishing a definition, the keyword "sdfRef" is used to copy all of the qualities and enclosed definitions of the referenced definition, indicated by the included name reference, into the newly formed definition. (This can be compared to the processing of the "$ref" keyword in [I-D.handrews-json-schema-validation-01].)¶

For example, this reference:¶

"temperatureProperty": {
  "sdfRef": "#/sdfData/temperatureData"
}

creates a new definition "temperatureProperty" that contains all of the qualities defined in the definition at /sdfData/temperatureData.¶

The sdfRef member need not be the only member of a map. Additional members may be present with the intention to override parts of the referenced map or to add new qualities or definitions.¶

When processing sdfRef, if the target definition contains also sdfRef (i.e., is based on yet another definition), that MUST be processed as well.¶

More formally, for a JSON map that contains an sdfRef member, the semantics is defined to be as if the following steps were performed:¶

The JSON map that contains the sdfRef member is copied into a variable named "patch".¶
The sdfRef member of the copy in "patch" is removed.¶
the JSON pointer that is the value of the sdfRef member is dereferenced and the result is copied into a variable named "original".¶
The JSON Merge Patch algorithm [RFC7396] is applied to patch the contents of "original" with the contents of "patch".¶
The result of the Merge Patch is used in place of the value of the original JSON map.¶

Note that the formal syntaxes given in Appendices A and B generally describe the result of applying a merge-patch; the notations are not powerful enough to describe, for instance, the effect of null values given with the sdfRef to remove members of JSON objects from the referenced target. Nonetheless, the syntaxes also give the syntax of the sdfRef itself, which vanishes during the resolution; in many cases therefore even merge-patch inputs will validate with these formal syntaxes.¶

Given the example (Figure 1), and the following definition:¶

{
  "info": {
    "title": "Example light switch using sdfRef"
  },
  "namespace": {
    "cap": "https://example.com/capability/cap"
  },
  "defaultNamespace": "cap",
  "sdfObject": {
    "BasicSwitch": {
      "sdfRef": "cap:#/sdfObject/Switch",
      "sdfAction": {
        "toggle": null
      }
    }
  }
}

The resulting definition of the "BasicSwitch" sdfObject would be identical to the definition of the "Switch" sdfObject except it would not contain the "toggle" Action.¶

{
  "info": {
    "title": "Example light switch using sdfRef"
  },
  "namespace": {
    "cap": "https://example.com/capability/cap"
  },
  "defaultNamespace": "cap",
  "sdfObject": {
    "BasicSwitch": {
      "sdfProperty": {
        "value": {
          "description":
"The state of the switch; false for off and true for on.",
          "type": "boolean"
        }
      },
      "sdfAction": {
        "on": {
          "description":
"Turn the switch on; equivalent to setting value to true."
        },
        "off": {
          "description":
"Turn the switch off; equivalent to setting value to false."
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

4.4.1. Resolved models

A model where all sdfRef references are processed as described in Section 4.4 is called a resolved model.¶

For example, given the following sdfData definitions:¶

"sdfData": {
  "Coordinate" : {
    "type": "number", "unit": "m"
  },
  "X-Coordinate" : {
    "sdfRef" : "#/sdfData/Coordinate",
    "description":
"Distance from the base of the Thing along the X axis."
  },
  "Non-neg-X-Coordinate" : {
    "sdfRef": "#/sdfData/X-Coordinate",
    "minimum": 0
  }
}

After resolving the definitions would look as follows:¶

"sdfData": {
  "Coordinate" : {
    "type": "number", "unit": "m"
  },
  "X-Coordinate" : {
    "description":
"Distance from the base of the Thing along the X axis.",
    "type": "number", "unit": "m"
  },
  "Non-neg-X-Coordinate" : {
    "description":
"Distance from the base of the Thing along the X axis.",
    "minimum": 0, "type": "number", "unit": "m"
  }
}

4.5. sdfRequired

The keyword "sdfRequired" is provided to apply a constraint that defines for which declarations corresponding data are mandatory in an instance conforming the current definition.¶

The value of "sdfRequired" is an array of name references (JSON pointers), each indicating one declaration that is mandatory to be represented.¶

The example in Figure 4 shows two required elements in the sdfObject definition for "temperatureWithAlarm", the sdfProperty "currentTemperature", and the sdfEvent "overTemperatureEvent". The example also shows the use of JSON pointer with "sdfRef" to use a pre-existing definition in this definition, for the "alarmType" data (sdfOutputData) produced by the sdfEvent "overTemperatureEvent".¶

"sdfObject": {
  "temperatureWithAlarm": {
    "sdfRequired": [
"#/sdfObject/temperatureWithAlarm/sdfProperty/currentTemperature",
"#/sdfObject/temperatureWithAlarm/sdfEvent/overTemperatureEvent"
    ],
    "sdfData":{
       "temperatureData": {
        "type": "number"
      }
    },
    "sdfProperty": {
      "currentTemperature": {
"sdfRef": "#/sdfObject/temperatureWithAlarm/sdfData/temperatureData"
      }
    },
    "sdfEvent": {
      "overTemperatureEvent": {
       "sdfOutputData": {
          "type": "object",
          "properties": {
            "alarmType": {
              "sdfRef": "cap:#/sdfData/alarmTypes/quantityAlarms",
              "const": "OverTemperatureAlarm"
            },
            "temperature": {
"sdfRef": "#/sdfObject/temperatureWithAlarm/sdfData/temperatureData"
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Figure 4: Using sdfRequired

4.6. Common Qualities

Definitions in SDF share a number of qualities that provide metadata for them. These are listed in Table 3. None of these qualities are required or have default values that are assumed if the quality is absent. If a label is required for an application and no label is given in the SDF model, the last part (reference-token, Section 3 of [RFC6901]) of the JSON pointer to the definition can be used.¶

Table 3: Common Qualities
Quality	Type	Description
description	text	long text (no constraints)
label	text	short text (no constraints)
$comment	text	source code comments only, no semantics
sdfRef	sdf-pointer	(see Section 4.4)
sdfRequired	pointer-list	(see Section 4.5, applies to qualities of properties, of data)

4.7. Data Qualities

Data qualities are used in sdfData and sdfProperty definitions, which are named sets of data qualities (abbreviated as named-sdq).¶

Appendix C lists data qualities inspired by the various proposals at json-schema.org; the intention is that these (information model level) qualities are compatible with the (data model) semantics from the versions of the json-schema.org proposal they were imported from.¶

Table 4 lists data qualities defined specifically for the present specification.¶

Table 4: SDF-defined Qualities of sdfData
Quality	Type	Description	Default
(common)		Section 4.6
unit	string	unit name (note 1)	N/A
scaleMinimum	number	lower limit of value in units given by unit (note 2)	N/A
scaleMaximum	number	upper limit of value in units given by unit (note 2)	N/A
nullable	boolean	indicates a null value is available for this type	true
contentFormat	string	content type (IANA media type string plus parameters), encoding (note 3)	N/A
sdfType	string (Section 4.7.1)	sdfType enumeration (extensible)	N/A
sdfChoice	named set of data qualities (Section 4.7.2)	named alternatives	N/A
enum	array of strings	abbreviation for string-valued named alternatives	N/A

Note that the quality unit was called units in SDF 1.0. The unit name SHOULD be as per the SenML Units Registry or the Secondary Units Registry in [IANA.senml] as specified by Sections 4.5.1 and 12.1 of [RFC8428] and Section 3 of [RFC8798], respectively.¶

Exceptionally, if a registration in these registries cannot be obtained or would be inappropriate, the unit name can also be a URI that is pointing to a definition of the unit. Note that SDF processors are not expected to (and normally SHOULD NOT) dereference these URIs; they may be useful to humans, though. A URI unit name is distinguished from a registered unit name by the presence of a colon; registered unit names that contain a colon (at the time of writing, none) can therefore not be used in SDF.¶

For use by translators into ecosystems that require URIs for unit names, the URN sub-namespace "urn:ietf:params:unit" is provided (Section 7.2); URNs from this sub-namespace MUST NOT be used in a unit quality, in favor of simply notating the unit name (e.g., kg instead of urn:ietf:params:unit:kg).¶
these qualities were included in SDF 1.0, but were not fully defined; they are not included in SDF 1.1. In 1.next, they will be replaced by qualities to express scaling that are more aligned with the processes that combine ecosystem and instance specific information with an SDF model.¶
The contentFormat quality follows the Content-Format-Spec as defined in Section 6 of [RFC9193], allowing for expressing both numeric and string based Content-Formats.¶

4.7.1. sdfType

SDF defines a number of basic types beyond those provided by JSON or JSO. These types are identified by the sdfType quality, which is a text string from a set of type names defined by the "sdfType values" sub-registry in the "SDF Parameters" registry (Section 7.3.2). The sdfType name is composed of lower case ASCII letters, digits, and - (ASCII hyphen/minus) characters, starting with a lower case ASCII letter (i.e., using a pattern of "⁠[a-z][-a-z0-9]*"), typically employing KebabCase for names constructed out of multiple words [KebabCase].¶

To aid interworking with [I-D.handrews-json-schema-validation-01] implementations, it is RECOMMENDED that sdfType is always used in conjunction with the type quality inherited from [I-D.handrews-json-schema-validation-01], in such a way as to yield a common representation of the type's values in JSON.¶

Values for sdfType that are defined in this specification are shown in Table 5. This table also gives a description of the semantics of the sdfType, the conventional value for type to be used with the sdfType value, and a conventional JSON representation for values of the type.¶

Table 5: Values defined in SDF 1.1 for sdfType quality
sdfType	Description	type	JSON Representation
byte-string	A sequence of zero or more bytes	string	base64url without padding (Section 3.4.5.2 of [RFC8949])
unix-time	A point in civil time (note 1)	number	POSIX time (Section 3.4.2 of [RFC8949])

(1) Note that the definition of unix-time does not imply the capability to represent points in time that fall on leap seconds. More date/time-related sdfTypes are likely to be added in the sdfType value registry.¶

In SDF 1.0, a similar concept was called subtype.¶

4.7.2. sdfChoice

Data can be a choice of named alternatives, called sdfChoice. Each alternative is identified by a name (string, key in the JSON object used to represent the choice) and a set of dataqualities (object, the value in the JSON object used to represent the choice). Dataqualities that are specified at the same level as the sdfChoice apply to all choices in the sdfChoice, except those specific choices where the dataquality is overridden at the choice level.¶

sdfChoice merges the functions of two constructs found in [I-D.handrews-json-schema-validation-01]:¶

enum¶

What would have been¶
```
"enum": ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
```
¶
in SDF 1.0, is often best represented as:¶
```
"sdfChoice": {
  "foo": { "description": "This is a foonly"},
  "bar": { "description":
"As defined in the second world congress"},
  "baz": { "description": "From zigbee foobaz"}
}
```
¶
This allows the placement of other dataqualities such as description in the example.¶

If an enum needs to use a data type different from text string, e.g. what would have been¶
```
"type": "number",
"enum": [1, 2, 3]
```
¶
in SDF 1.0, is represented as:¶
```
"type": "number",
"sdfChoice": {
  "a-better-name-for-alternative-1": { "const": 1 },
  "alternative-2": { "const": 2 },
  "the-third-alternative": { "const": 3 }
}
```
¶
where the string names obviously would be chosen in a way that is descriptive for what these numbers actually stand for; sdfChoice also makes it easy to add number ranges into the mix.¶

(Note that const can also be used for strings as in the previous example, e.g., if the actual string value is indeed a crucial element for the data model.)¶

anyOf¶

[I-D.handrews-json-schema-validation-01] provides a type union called anyOf, which provides a choice between anonymous alternatives.¶

What could have been¶

"anyOf": [
  {"type": "array", "minItems": 3, "maxItems": "3",
   "items": {"$ref": "#/sdfData/rgbVal"}},
  {"type": "array", "minItems": 4, "maxItems": "4",
   "items": {"$ref": "#/sdfData/cmykVal"}}
]

in [I-D.handrews-json-schema-validation-01] can be more descriptively notated in SDF as:¶

"sdfChoice": {
  "rgb": {"type": "array", "minItems": 3, "maxItems": "3",
          "items": {"sdfRef": "#/sdfData/rgbVal"}},
  "cmyk": {"type": "array", "minItems": 4, "maxItems": "4",
           "items": {"sdfRef": "#/sdfData/cmykVal"}}
}

Note that there is no need in SDF for the type intersection construct allOf or the peculiar type-xor construct oneOf found in [I-D.handrews-json-schema-validation-01].¶

As a simplification for readers of SDF specifications accustomed to the [I-D.handrews-json-schema-validation-01] enum keyword, this is retained, but limited to a choice of text string values, such that¶

"enum": ["foo", "bar", "baz"]

is syntactic sugar for¶

"sdfChoice": {
  "foo": { "const": "foo"},
  "bar": { "const": "bar"},
  "baz": { "const": "baz"}
}

In a single definition, the keyword enum cannot be used at the same time as the keyword sdfChoice, as the former is just syntactic sugar for the latter.¶

Table 7: Qualities of sdfProperty
Quality	Type	Description	Default
(data)		Section 4.7
readable	boolean	Reads are allowed	true
writable	boolean	Writes are allowed	true
observable	boolean	flag to indicate asynchronous notification is available	true

6. High Level Composition

The requirements for high level composition include the following:¶

The ability to represent products, standardized product types, and modular products while maintaining the atomicity of Objects.¶
The ability to compose a reusable definition block from Objects, for example a single plug unit of an outlet strip with on/off control, energy monitor, and optional dimmer objects, while retaining the atomicity of the individual objects.¶
The ability to compose Objects and other definition blocks into a higher level thing that represents a product, while retaining the atomicity of objects.¶
The ability to enrich and refine a base definition to have product-specific qualities and quality values, e.g. unit, range, and scale settings.¶
The ability to reference items in one part of a complex definition from another part of the same definition, for example to summarize the energy readings from all plugs in an outlet strip.¶

6.1. Paths in the model namespaces

The model namespace is organized according to terms that are defined in the definition files that are present in the namespace. For example, definitions that originate from an organization or vendor are expected to be in a namespace that is specific to that organization or vendor. There is expected to be an SDF namespace for common SDF definitions used in OneDM.¶

The structure of a path in a namespace is defined by the JSON Pointers to the definitions in the files in that namespace. For example, if there is a file defining an object "Switch" with an action "on", then the reference to the action would be "ns:/sdfObject/Switch/sdfAction/on" where ns is the namespace prefix (short name for the namespace).¶

6.2. Modular Composition

Modular composition of definitions enables an existing definition (could be in the same file or another file) to become part of a new definition by including a reference to the existing definition within the model namespace.¶

6.2.1. Use of the "sdfRef" keyword to re-use a definition

An existing definition may be used as a template for a new definition, that is, a new definition is created in the target namespace which uses the defined qualities of some existing definition. This pattern will use the keyword "sdfRef" as a quality of a new definition with a value consisting of a reference to the existing definition that is to be used as a template.¶

In the definition that uses "sdfRef", new qualities may be added and existing qualities from the referenced definition may be overridden. (Note that JSON maps (objects) do not have a defined order, so the SDF processor may see these overrides before seeing the sdfRef.)¶

Note that if the referenced definition contains qualities or definitions that are not valid in the context where the sdfRef is used (e.g., if an sdfThing definition would be added in an sdfObject definition), the resulting model, when resolved, may be invalid.¶

As a convention, overrides are intended to be used only for further restricting the set of data values, as shown in Figure 5: any value for a cable-length also is a valid value for a length, with the additional restriction that the length cannot be smaller than 5 cm. (This is labeled as a convention as it cannot be checked in the general case; a quality of implementation consideration for a tool might be to provide at least some form of checking.) Note that a description is provided that overrides the description of the referenced definition; as this quality is intended for human consumption there is no conflict with the intended goal.¶

"sdfData":
  "length" : {
    "type": "number",
    "minimum": 0,
    "unit": "m"
    "description": "There can be no negative lengths."
  }
...
  "cable-length" : {
    "sdfRef": "#/sdfData/length"
    "minimum": 5e-2,
    "description": "Cables must be at least 5 cm."
  }

Figure 5

6.3. sdfThing

An sdfThing is a set of declarations and qualities that may be part of a more complex model. For example, the object declarations that make up the definition of a single socket of an outlet strip could be encapsulated in an sdfThing, and the socket-thing itself could be used in a declaration in the sdfThing definition for the outlet strip (see Figure 6 in {outlet-strip-example}} for an example SDF model).¶

sdfThing definitions carry semantic meaning, such as a defined refrigerator compartment and a defined freezer compartment, making up a combination refrigerator-freezer product. An sdfThing can also contain Interaction Affordances and sdfData itself, such as a status (on/off) for the refrigerator-freezer as a whole (see Figure 7 in Appendix D.2 for an example SDF model illustrating these aspects).¶

An sdfThing may be composed of sdfObjects and other sdfThings.¶

The qualities of sdfThing are shown in Table 10.¶

Table 10: Qualities of sdfThing
Quality	Type	Description
(common)		Section 4.6
sdfThing	thing
sdfObject	object
sdfProperty	property	zero or more named property definitions for this thing
sdfAction	action	zero or more named action definitions for this thing
sdfEvent	event	zero or more named event definitions for this thing
sdfData	named-sdq	zero or more named data type definitions that might be used in the above
minItems	number	(array) Minimum number of sdfThing instances in array
maxItems	number	(array) Maximum number of sdfThing instances in array

7. IANA Considerations

RFC Ed.: throughout this section, please replace RFC XXXX with this RFC number, and remove this note.¶

7.1. Media Type

IANA is requested to add the following Media-Type to the "Media Types" registry.¶

Table 11: Media Type Registration for SDF
Name	Template	Reference
sdf+json	application/sdf+json	RFC XXXX, Section 7.1

Type name:

application¶

Subtype name:

sdf+json¶

Required parameters:

none¶

Optional parameters:

none¶

Encoding considerations:

binary (JSON is UTF-8-encoded text)¶

Security considerations:

Section 8 of RFC XXXX¶

Interoperability considerations:

none¶

Published specification:

Section 7.1 of RFC XXXX¶

Applications that use this media type:

Tools for data and interaction modeling in the Internet of Things¶

Fragment identifier considerations:

A JSON Pointer fragment identifier may be used, as defined in Section 6 of [RFC6901].¶

Additional information:

Magic number(s):: n/a¶
File extension(s):: .sdf.json¶
Windows Clipboard Name:: "Semantic Definition Format (SDF) for Data and Interactions of Things"¶
Macintosh file type code(s):: n/a¶
Macintosh Universal Type Identifier code:: org.ietf.sdf-json
conforms to public.text¶

Person & email address to contact for further information:

ASDF WG mailing list (asdf@ietf.org), or IETF Applications and Real-Time Area (art@ietf.org)¶

Intended usage:

COMMON¶

Restrictions on usage:

none¶

Author/Change controller:

IETF¶

Provisional registration:

no¶

7.2. IETF URN Sub-namespace for Unit Names (urn:ietf:params:unit)

IANA is requested to register the following value in the "IETF URN Sub-namespace for Registered Protocol Parameter Identifiers" registry, following the template in [RFC3553]:¶

Registry name:: unit¶
Specification:: RFC XXXX¶
Repository:: combining the symbol values from the SenML Units Registry and the Secondary Units Registry in [IANA.senml] as specified by Sections 4.5.1 and 12.1 of [RFC8428] and Section 3 of [RFC8798], respectively (which by the registration policy are guaranteed to be non-overlapping).¶
Index value:: Percent-encoding (Section 2.1 of [RFC3986]) is required of any characters in unit names as required by ABNF rule "pchar" in Section 3.3 of [RFC3986], specifically at the time of writing for the unit names "%" (deprecated in favor of "/"), "%RH", "%EL".¶

7.3. Registries

IANA is requested to create an "SDF Parameters" registry, with the sub-registries defined in this Section.¶

7.3.1. Quality Name Prefixes

IANA is requested to create a "Quality Name Prefixes" sub-registry in the "SDF Parameters" registry, with the following template:¶

Prefix:: A name composed of lower case ASCII letters and digits, starting with a lower case ASCII letter (i.e., using a pattern of "⁠[a-z][a-z0-9]*").¶
Contact:: A contact point for the organization that assigns quality names with this prefix.¶

Quality Name Prefixes are intended to be registered by organizations that intend to define quality names constructed with an organization-specifix prefix (Section 2.3.3).¶

The registration policy is Expert Review as per Section 4.5 of [BCP26]. The instructions to the Expert are to ascertain that the organization will handle quality names constructed using their prefix in a way that roughly achieves the objectives for an IANA registry that support interoperability of SDF models employing these quality names, including:¶

Stability, "stable and permanent";¶
Transparency, "readily available", "in sufficient detail" (Section 4.6 of [BCP26]).¶

The Expert will take into account that other organizations operate in different ways than the IETF, and that as a result some of these overall objectives will be achieved in a different way and to a different level of comfort.¶

The "Quality Name Prefixes" sub-registry starts out empty.¶

7.3.2. sdfType Values

IANA is requested to create a "sdfType values" sub-registry in the "SDF Parameters" registry, with the following template:¶

Name:: A name composed of lower case ASCII letters, digits and - (ASCII hyphen/minus) characters, starting with a lower case ASCII letter (i.e., using a pattern of "⁠[a-z][-a-z0-9]*").¶
Description:: A short description of the information model level structure and semantics¶
type:: The value of the quality "type" to be used with this sdfType¶
JSON Representation: A short description of a JSON representation that can be used for this sdfType. This MUST be consistent with the type.¶
Reference:: A more detailed specification of meaning and use of sdfType.¶

sdfType values are intended to be registered to enable modeling additional SDF-specific types (see Section 4.7.1).¶

The registration policy is Specification Required as per Section 4.6 of [BCP26]. The instructions to the Expert are to ascertain that the specification provides enough detail to enable interoperability between implementations of the sdfType being registered, and that names are chosen with enough specificity that ecosystem-specific sdfTypes will not be confused with more generally applicable ones.¶

The initial set of registrations is described in Table 12.¶

Table 12: Initial set of sdfType values
Name	Description	type	JSON Representation	Reference
byte-string	A sequence of zero or more bytes	string	base64url without padding	Section 3.4.5.2 of [RFC8949]
unix-time	A point in civil time	number	POSIX time	Section 3.4.2 of [RFC8949]

9. References

9.1. Normative References

[BCP26]: Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8126>.
[IANA.params]: IANA, "Uniform Resource Name (URN) Namespace for IETF Use", <https://www.iana.org/assignments/params>.
[IANA.senml]: IANA, "Sensor Measurement Lists (SenML)", <https://www.iana.org/assignments/senml>.
[RFC0020]: Cerf, V., "ASCII format for network interchange", STD 80, RFC 20, DOI 10.17487/RFC0020, October 1969, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc20>.
[RFC2119]: Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.
[RFC3339]: Klyne, G. and C. Newman, "Date and Time on the Internet: Timestamps", RFC 3339, DOI 10.17487/RFC3339, July 2002, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3339>.
[RFC3553]: Mealling, M., Masinter, L., Hardie, T., and G. Klyne, "An IETF URN Sub-namespace for Registered Protocol Parameters", BCP 73, RFC 3553, DOI 10.17487/RFC3553, June 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3553>.
[RFC3986]: Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3986>.
[RFC4122]: Leach, P., Mealling, M., and R. Salz, "A Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace", RFC 4122, DOI 10.17487/RFC4122, July 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4122>.
[RFC6901]: Bryan, P., Ed., Zyp, K., and M. Nottingham, Ed., "JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Pointer", RFC 6901, DOI 10.17487/RFC6901, April 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6901>.
[RFC7396]: Hoffman, P. and J. Snell, "JSON Merge Patch", RFC 7396, DOI 10.17487/RFC7396, October 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7396>.
[RFC8174]: Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.
[RFC8428]: Jennings, C., Shelby, Z., Arkko, J., Keranen, A., and C. Bormann, "Sensor Measurement Lists (SenML)", RFC 8428, DOI 10.17487/RFC8428, August 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8428>.
[RFC8610]: Birkholz, H., Vigano, C., and C. Bormann, "Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL): A Notational Convention to Express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and JSON Data Structures", RFC 8610, DOI 10.17487/RFC8610, June 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8610>.
[RFC8798]: Bormann, C., "Additional Units for Sensor Measurement Lists (SenML)", RFC 8798, DOI 10.17487/RFC8798, June 2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8798>.
[RFC8949]: Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)", STD 94, RFC 8949, DOI 10.17487/RFC8949, December 2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8949>.
[RFC9165]: Bormann, C., "Additional Control Operators for the Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL)", RFC 9165, DOI 10.17487/RFC9165, December 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9165>.
[RFC9193]: Keränen, A. and C. Bormann, "Sensor Measurement Lists (SenML) Fields for Indicating Data Value Content-Format", RFC 9193, DOI 10.17487/RFC9193, June 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9193>.
[SPDX]: "SPDX License List", <https://spdx.org/licenses/>.
[W3C.NOTE-curie-20101216]: Birbeck, M., Ed. and S. McCarron, Ed., "CURIE Syntax 1.0", W3C NOTE NOTE-curie-20101216, W3C NOTE-curie-20101216, 16 December 2010, <https://www.w3.org/TR/2010/NOTE-curie-20101216/>.

9.2. Informative References

[CamelCase]: "Camel Case", December 2014, <http://wiki.c2.com/?CamelCase>.
[ECMA-262]: Ecma International, "ECMAScript 2020 Language Specification", ECMA Standard ECMA-262, 11th Edition, June 2020, <https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-262.pdf>.
[I-D.bormann-asdf-sdf-mapping]: Bormann, C. and J. Romann, "Semantic Definition Format (SDF): Mapping files", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-bormann-asdf-sdf-mapping-02, 26 April 2023, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-bormann-asdf-sdf-mapping-02>.
[I-D.handrews-json-schema-validation-01]: Wright, A., Andrews, H., and G. Luff, "JSON Schema Validation: A Vocabulary for Structural Validation of JSON", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-handrews-json-schema-validation-01, 19 March 2018, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-handrews-json-schema-validation-01>.
[I-D.ietf-jsonpath-iregexp]: Bormann, C. and T. Bray, "I-Regexp: An Interoperable Regexp Format", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-jsonpath-iregexp-08, 29 June 2023, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-jsonpath-iregexp-08>.
[I-D.irtf-t2trg-rest-iot]: Keränen, A., Kovatsch, M., and K. Hartke, "Guidance on RESTful Design for Internet of Things Systems", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-irtf-t2trg-rest-iot-12, 25 July 2023, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-irtf-t2trg-rest-iot-12>.
[I-D.wright-json-schema]: Wright, A. and H. Andrews, "JSON Schema: A Media Type for Describing JSON Documents", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-wright-json-schema-01, 16 April 2017, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-wright-json-schema-01>.
[KebabCase]: "Kebab Case", August 2014, <http://wiki.c2.com/?KebabCase>.
[OCF]: "OCF Resource Type Specification", <https://openconnectivity.org/specs/OCF_Resource_Type_Specification.pdf>.
[OMA]: "OMA LightweightM2M (LwM2M) Object and Resource Registry", <http://www.openmobilealliance.org/wp/omna/lwm2m/lwm2mregistry.html>.
[RFC8576]: Garcia-Morchon, O., Kumar, S., and M. Sethi, "Internet of Things (IoT) Security: State of the Art and Challenges", RFC 8576, DOI 10.17487/RFC8576, April 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8576>.
[ZCL]: "The ZigBee Cluster Library", Elsevier, Zigbee Wireless Networking pp. 239-271, DOI 10.1016/b978-0-7506-8597-9.00006-9, 2008, <https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7506-8597-9.00006-9>.

Appendix A. Formal Syntax of SDF

This appendix describes the syntax of SDF using CDDL [RFC8610]. Note that this appendix was derived from Ari Keränen's "alt-schema" and Michael Koster's "schema", with a view of covering the syntax that was in use at the time of writing in the One Data Model playground repository.¶

This appendix shows the framework syntax only, i.e., a syntax with liberal extension points. Since this syntax is nearly useless in finding typos in an SDF specification, a second syntax, the validation syntax, is defined that does not include the extension points. The validation syntax can be generated from the framework syntax by leaving out all lines containing the string EXTENSION-POINT; as this is trivial, the result is not shown here.¶

This appendix makes use of CDDL "features" as defined in Section 4 of [RFC9165]. A feature named "1.0" is used to indicate parts of the syntax being deprecated towards SDF 1.1, and a feature named "1.1" is used to indicate new syntax intended for SDF 1.1. Features whose names end in "-ext" indicate extension points for further evolution.¶

start = sdf-syntax

sdf-syntax = {
 ; info will be required in most process policies
 ? info: sdfinfo
 ? namespace: named<text>
 ? defaultNamespace: text
 ; Thing is a composition of objects that work together in some way
 ? sdfThing: named<thingqualities>
 ; Object is a set of Properties, Actions, and Events that together
 ; perform a particular function
 ? sdfObject: named<objectqualities>
 ; Includes Properties, Actions, and Events as well as sdfData
 paedataqualities
 EXTENSION-POINT<"top-ext">
}

sdfinfo = {
 ? title: text
 ? version: text
 ? copyright: text
 ? license: text
 ? modified: modified-date-time
 ? features: [
               * (any .feature "feature-name") ; EXTENSION-POINT
             ]
 optional-comment
 EXTENSION-POINT<"info-ext">
}

; Shortcut for a map that gives names to instances of X
; (has keys of type text and values of type X)
named<X> = { * text => X }

; EXTENSION-POINT is only used in framework syntax
EXTENSION-POINT<f> = ( * (quality-name .feature f) => any )
quality-name = text .regexp                   ; for EXTENSION-POINT
       "([a-z][a-z0-9]*:)?[a-z$][A-Za-z$0-9]*"; for EXTENSION-POINT

sdf-pointer = text ; .regexp curie-regexp -- TO DO!
; per se no point in having an empty list, but used for sdfRequired
; in odmobject-multiple_axis_joystick.sdf.json
pointer-list = [* sdf-pointer]

optional-comment = (
 ? $comment: text       ; source code comments only, no semantics
)

commonqualities = (
 ? description: text    ; long text (no constraints)
 ? label: text          ; short text (no constraints); default to key
 optional-comment
 ? sdfRef: sdf-pointer
 ; applies to qualities of properties, of data:
 ? sdfRequired: pointer-list
)

arraydefinitionqualities = (
 ? ("minItems" .feature "1.2") => uint
 ? ("maxItems" .feature "1.2") => uint
)

paedataqualities = (
 ; Property represents the state of an instance of an object
 ? sdfProperty: named<propertyqualities>
 ; Action invokes an application layer verb associated with an object
 ? sdfAction: named<actionqualities>
 ; Event represents an occurrence of event associated with an object
 ? sdfEvent: named<eventqualities>
 ; Data represents a piece of information that can be the state of a
 ; property or a parameter to an action or a signal in an event
 ? sdfData: named<dataqualities>

)

; for building hierarchy
thingqualities = {
 commonqualities
 ? sdfObject: named<objectqualities>
 ? sdfThing: named<thingqualities>
 paedataqualities
 arraydefinitionqualities
 EXTENSION-POINT<"thing-ext">
}

; for single objects, or for arrays of objects (1.2)
objectqualities = {
 commonqualities
 paedataqualities
 arraydefinitionqualities
 EXTENSION-POINT<"object-ext">
}

parameter-list =
  pointer-list .feature (["1.0", "pointerlist-as-parameter"]) /
  dataqualities .feature (["1.1", "dataqualities-as-parameter"])

actionqualities = {
 commonqualities
 ? sdfInputData: parameter-list   ; sdfRequiredInputData applies here
 ? ("sdfRequiredInputData" .feature "1.0") => pointer-list
 ? sdfOutputData: parameter-list  ; sdfRequired applies here
 ; zero or more named data type definitions that might be used above
 ? sdfData: named<dataqualities>
 EXTENSION-POINT<"action-ext">
}

eventqualities = {
 commonqualities
 ? sdfOutputData: parameter-list  ; sdfRequired applies here
 ; zero or more named data type definitions that might be used above
 ? sdfData: named<dataqualities>
 EXTENSION-POINT<"event-ext">
}

sdftype-name = text .regexp "[a-z][-a-z0-9]*"       ; EXTENSION-POINT

dataqualities = {
 commonqualities
 jsonschema
 ? ("units" .feature "1.0") => text
 ? ("unit" .feature "1.1") => text
 ? ("scaleMinimum" .feature "1.0") => number
 ? ("scaleMaximum" .feature "1.0") => number
 ? nullable: bool
 ? ("subtype" .feature "1.0") => "byte-string" / "unix-time"
            / (text .feature "subtype-ext")         ; EXTENSION-POINT
 ? ("sdfType" .feature "1.1") => "byte-string" / "unix-time"
            / (sdftype-name .feature "sdftype-ext") ; EXTENSION-POINT
 ? contentFormat: text
 EXTENSION-POINT<"data-ext">
}

propertyqualities = {
 ? observable: bool
 ? readable: bool
 ? writable: bool
 ~dataqualities
}

allowed-types = number / text / bool / null
              / [* number] / [* text] / [* bool]
              / {* text => any}
              / (any .feature "allowed-ext")        ; EXTENSION-POINT

compound-type = (
  "type" => ("object" .feature "1.1")
  ? required: [+text]
  ? properties: named<dataqualities>
)

jsonschema = (
 ? (("type" => "number" / "string" / "boolean" / "integer" / "array")
    // compound-type
    // (type: text .feature "type-ext")             ; EXTENSION-POINT
   )
 ; if present, all other qualities apply to all choices:
 ? ((("sdfChoice" .feature "1.1") => named<dataqualities>)
  // ("enum" => [+ text])) ; limited to text strings in SDF 1.1
 ; the next three should validate against type:
 ? ("enum" .feature "1.0") => [+ allowed-types]
 ? const: allowed-types
 ? default: allowed-types
 ; number/integer constraints
 ? minimum: number
 ? maximum: number
 ? exclusiveMinimum: number
 ? exclusiveMaximum: number
 ? multipleOf: number                   ; ISSUE: Do we need this?
 ; text string constraints
 ? minLength: uint
 ? maxLength: uint
 ? pattern: text                ; regexp
 ? format: "date-time" / "date" / "time"
           / "uri" / "uri-reference" / "uuid"
           / (text .feature "format-ext")           ; EXTENSION-POINT
 ; array constraints
 ? minItems: uint
 ? maxItems: uint
 ? uniqueItems: bool
 ? items: { ;;; ultimately, this will be mostly recursive, but,
            ;;; for now let's find out what we actually need
     ? sdfRef: sdf-pointer ; import limited to subset allowed here...
     ? description: text   ; long text (no constraints)
     optional-comment
     ; leave commonqualities out for non-complex data types,
     ; but need the above three.
     ; no further nesting: no "array"
     ? ((type: "number" / "string" / "boolean" / "integer")
        // compound-type
        // (type: text .feature "itemtype-ext")     ; EXTENSION-POINT
       )
     ; if present, all other qualities apply to all choices
     ? ((("sdfChoice" .feature "1.1") => named<dataqualities>)
     // ("enum" => [+ text])) ; limited to text strings in SDF 1.1
     ; jso subset
     ? minimum: number
     ? maximum: number
     ? format: text
     ? minLength: uint
     ? maxLength: uint
     EXTENSION-POINT<"items-ext">
   }
)

modified-date-time = text .abnf modified-dt-abnf
modified-dt-abnf = "modified-dt" .det rfc3339z

; RFC 3339 sans time-numoffset, slightly condensed
rfc3339z = '
   date-fullyear   = 4DIGIT
   date-month      = 2DIGIT  ; 01-12
   date-mday       = 2DIGIT  ; 01-28, 01-29, 01-30, 01-31 based on
                             ; month/year
   time-hour       = 2DIGIT  ; 00-23
   time-minute     = 2DIGIT  ; 00-59
   time-second     = 2DIGIT  ; 00-58, 00-59, 00-60 based on leap sec
                             ; rules
   time-secfrac    = "." 1*DIGIT
   DIGIT           =  %x30-39 ; 0-9

   partial-time    = time-hour ":" time-minute ":" time-second
                     [time-secfrac]
   full-date       = date-fullyear "-" date-month "-" date-mday

   modified-dt     = full-date ["T" partial-time "Z"]
'

Appendix B. json-schema.org Rendition of SDF Syntax

This appendix describes the syntax of SDF defined in Appendix A, but using a version of the description techniques advertised on json-schema.org [I-D.handrews-json-schema-validation-01].¶

The appendix shows both the validation and the framework syntax. Since most of the lines are the same between these two files, those lines are shown only once, with a leading space, in the form of a unified diff. Lines leading with a - are part of the validation syntax, and lines leading with a + are part of the framework syntax.¶

 {
-  "title": "sdf-validation.cddl -- Generated: 2023-07-10T22:16:34Z",
+  "title": "sdf-framework.cddl -- Generated: 2023-07-10T22:16:37Z",
   "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
   "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-syntax",
   "definitions": {
     "sdf-syntax": {
       "type": "object",
       "properties": {
         "sdfProperty": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfProperty-"
         },
         "sdfAction": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfAction-"
         },
         "sdfEvent": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfEvent-"
         },
         "sdfData": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
         },
         "info": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfinfo"
         },
         "namespace": {
           "type": "object",
           "additionalProperties": {
             "type": "string"
           }
         },
         "defaultNamespace": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "sdfThing": {
           "type": "object",
           "additionalProperties": {
             "$ref": "#/definitions/thingqualities"
           }
         },
         "sdfObject": {
           "type": "object",
           "additionalProperties": {
             "$ref": "#/definitions/objectqualities"
           }
         }
       },
-      "additionalProperties": false
+      "additionalProperties": {
+      }
     },
     "sdfinfo": {
       "type": "object",
       "properties": {
         "$comment": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "title": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "version": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "copyright": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "license": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "modified": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/modified-date-time"
         },
         "features": {
-          "type": "array",
-          "maxItems": 0
+          "type": "array"
         }
       },
-      "additionalProperties": false
+      "additionalProperties": {
+      }
     },
     "modified-date-time": {
       "type": "string"
     },
     "thingqualities": {
       "type": "object",
       "properties": {
         "minItems": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
         },
         "maxItems": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
         },
         "sdfProperty": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfProperty-"
         },
         "sdfAction": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfAction-"
         },
         "sdfEvent": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfEvent-"
         },
         "sdfData": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
         },
         "$comment": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "description": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "label": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "sdfRef": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
         },
         "sdfRequired": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
         },
         "sdfObject": {
           "type": "object",
           "additionalProperties": {
             "$ref": "#/definitions/objectqualities"
           }
         },
         "sdfThing": {
           "type": "object",
           "additionalProperties": {
             "$ref": "#/definitions/thingqualities"
           }
         }
       },
-      "additionalProperties": false
+      "additionalProperties": {
+      }
     },
     "sdf-pointer": {
       "type": "string"
     },
     "pointer-list": {
       "type": "array",
       "items": {
         "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
       }
     },
     "objectqualities": {
       "type": "object",
       "properties": {
         "minItems": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
         },
         "maxItems": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
         },
         "sdfProperty": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfProperty-"
         },
         "sdfAction": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfAction-"
         },
         "sdfEvent": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfEvent-"
         },
         "sdfData": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
         },
         "$comment": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "description": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "label": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "sdfRef": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
         },
         "sdfRequired": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
         }
       },
-      "additionalProperties": false
+      "additionalProperties": {
+      }
     },
     "propertyqualities": {
       "anyOf": [
         {
           "type": "object",
           "properties": {
             "sdfChoice": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
             },
             "type": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/type-"
             },
+            "enum": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/enum-"
+            },
             "const": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
             },
             "default": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
             },
             "minimum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "maximum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "exclusiveMinimum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "exclusiveMaximum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "multipleOf": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "minLength": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "maxLength": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "pattern": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "format": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/format-"
             },
             "minItems": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "maxItems": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "uniqueItems": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
             "items": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/items-"
             },
             "$comment": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "description": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "label": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "sdfRef": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
             },
             "sdfRequired": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
             },
+            "units": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
             "unit": {
               "type": "string"
             },
+            "scaleMinimum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "scaleMaximum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
             "nullable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
+            "subtype": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/subtype-"
+            },
             "sdfType": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfType-"
             },
             "contentFormat": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "observable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
             "readable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
             "writable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             }
           },
-          "additionalProperties": false
+          "additionalProperties": {
+          }
         },
         {
           "type": "object",
           "properties": {
             "enum": {
-              "type": "array",
-              "items": {
-                "type": "string"
-              },
-              "minItems": 1
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/enum-"
             },
             "type": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/type-"
             },
             "const": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
             },
             "default": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
             },
             "minimum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "maximum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "exclusiveMinimum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "exclusiveMaximum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "multipleOf": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "minLength": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "maxLength": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "pattern": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "format": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/format-"
             },
             "minItems": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "maxItems": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "uniqueItems": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
             "items": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/items-"
             },
             "$comment": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "description": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "label": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "sdfRef": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
             },
             "sdfRequired": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
             },
+            "units": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
             "unit": {
               "type": "string"
             },
+            "scaleMinimum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "scaleMaximum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
             "nullable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
+            "subtype": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/subtype-"
+            },
             "sdfType": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfType-"
             },
             "contentFormat": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "observable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
             "readable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
             "writable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             }
           },
-          "additionalProperties": false
+          "additionalProperties": {
+          }
         },
         {
           "type": "object",
           "properties": {
             "sdfChoice": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
             },
             "type": {
               "type": "string",
               "const": "object"
             },
             "required": {
               "type": "array",
               "items": {
                 "type": "string"
               },
               "minItems": 1
             },
             "properties": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
             },
+            "enum": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/enum-"
+            },
             "const": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
             },
             "default": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
             },
             "minimum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "maximum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "exclusiveMinimum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "exclusiveMaximum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "multipleOf": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "minLength": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "maxLength": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "pattern": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "format": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/format-"
             },
             "minItems": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "maxItems": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "uniqueItems": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
             "items": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/items-"
             },
             "$comment": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "description": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "label": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "sdfRef": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
             },
             "sdfRequired": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
             },
+            "units": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
             "unit": {
               "type": "string"
             },
+            "scaleMinimum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "scaleMaximum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
             "nullable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
+            "subtype": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/subtype-"
+            },
             "sdfType": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfType-"
             },
             "contentFormat": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "observable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
             "readable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
             "writable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             }
           },
-          "additionalProperties": false
+          "additionalProperties": {
+          }
         },
         {
           "type": "object",
           "properties": {
             "enum": {
-              "type": "array",
-              "items": {
-                "type": "string"
-              },
-              "minItems": 1
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/enum-"
             },
             "type": {
               "type": "string",
               "const": "object"
             },
             "required": {
               "type": "array",
               "items": {
                 "type": "string"
               },
               "minItems": 1
             },
             "properties": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
             },
             "const": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
             },
             "default": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
             },
             "minimum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "maximum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "exclusiveMinimum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "exclusiveMaximum": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "multipleOf": {
               "type": "number"
             },
             "minLength": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "maxLength": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "pattern": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "format": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/format-"
             },
             "minItems": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "maxItems": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
             },
             "uniqueItems": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
             "items": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/items-"
             },
             "$comment": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "description": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "label": {
               "type": "string"
             },
             "sdfRef": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
             },
             "sdfRequired": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
             },
+            "units": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
             "unit": {
               "type": "string"
             },
+            "scaleMinimum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "scaleMaximum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
             "nullable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
+            "subtype": {
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+            },
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               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfType-"
             },
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               "type": "string"
             },
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               "type": "boolean"
             }
           },
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-        }
-      ]
-    },
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+          }
+        },
         {
           "type": "object",
           "properties": {
             "sdfChoice": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
             },
             "type": {
-              "$ref": "#/definitions/type-"
+              "type": "string"
+            },
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+              "$ref": "#/definitions/enum-"
             },
             "const": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
             },
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               "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
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             },
             "sdfRef": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
             },
             "sdfRequired": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
             },
+            "units": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
             "unit": {
               "type": "string"
             },
+            "scaleMinimum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            "scaleMaximum": {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
             "nullable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
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+            },
             "sdfType": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfType-"
             },
             "contentFormat": {
               "type": "string"
+            },
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             }
           },
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+          "additionalProperties": {
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         },
         {
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           "properties": {
             "enum": {
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-              "items": {
-                "type": "string"
-              },
-              "minItems": 1
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/enum-"
             },
             "type": {
-              "$ref": "#/definitions/type-"
+              "type": "string"
             },
             "const": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
             },
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               "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
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               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
             },
             "sdfRequired": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
             },
+            "units": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
             "unit": {
               "type": "string"
             },
+            "scaleMinimum": {
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+            "scaleMaximum": {
+              "type": "number"
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             "nullable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
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+            },
             "sdfType": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfType-"
             },
             "contentFormat": {
               "type": "string"
+            },
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             }
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+          "additionalProperties": {
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+        }
+      ]
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           "type": "object",
           "properties": {
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               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
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-            },
-            "required": {
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-                "type": "string"
-              },
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+              "$ref": "#/definitions/type-"
             },
-            "properties": {
-              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
+            "enum": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/enum-"
             },
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               "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
             },
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               "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
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               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
             },
             "sdfRequired": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
             },
+            "units": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
             "unit": {
               "type": "string"
             },
+            "scaleMinimum": {
+              "type": "number"
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+            "scaleMaximum": {
+              "type": "number"
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             "nullable": {
               "type": "boolean"
             },
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             "sdfType": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfType-"
             },
             "contentFormat": {
               "type": "string"
             }
           },
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+          "additionalProperties": {
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         {
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           "properties": {
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+              "$ref": "#/definitions/enum-"
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+            },
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             },
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               "const": "object"
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                 "type": "string"
               },
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             },
             "properties": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
             },
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               "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
             },
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               "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
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               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
             },
             "sdfRequired": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
             },
+            "units": {
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             "unit": {
               "type": "string"
             },
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+            "scaleMaximum": {
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             "nullable": {
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             },
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             "sdfType": {
               "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfType-"
             },
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               "type": "string"
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           },
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-        }
-      ]
-    },
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+          "additionalProperties": {
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         {
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+            },
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+            },
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+            },
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+            "maxItems": {
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+            },
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+            },
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+            },
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+            "label": {
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+            },
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+            },
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+              "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
+            },
+            "units": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "unit": {
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+            },
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+            },
+            "contentFormat": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "additionalProperties": {
+          }
+        },
+        {
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+              "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
+            },
+            "type": {
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+            },
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+            },
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+              "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
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+            },
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+            },
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+            },
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+            },
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+            "label": {
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+            },
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+              "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
+            },
+            "units": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
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+            "scaleMaximum": {
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+            },
+            "sdfType": {
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+            },
+            "contentFormat": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "additionalProperties": {
+          }
+        },
+        {
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+            },
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+            },
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+            },
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+            },
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+            },
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+            }
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+        }
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+        },
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         },
         {
           "type": "boolean"
         },
         {
           "type": "null"
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         {
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           "items": {
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         {
           "type": "array",
           "items": {
             "type": "boolean"
           }
         },
         {
           "type": "object",
           "additionalProperties": {
           }
+        },
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         }
       ]
     },
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       "type": "integer",
       "minimum": 0
     },
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+      "pattern": "^[a-z][\\-a-z0-9]*$"
+    },
     "actionqualities": {
       "type": "object",
       "properties": {
         "$comment": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "description": {
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         },
         "sdfRequired": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
         },
         "sdfInputData": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/parameter-list"
         },
+        "sdfRequiredInputData": {
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
+        },
         "sdfOutputData": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/parameter-list"
         },
         "sdfData": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
         }
       },
-      "additionalProperties": false
+      "additionalProperties": {
+      }
     },
     "parameter-list": {
-      "$ref": "#/definitions/dataqualities"
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
+        },
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/dataqualities"
+        }
+      ]
     },
     "eventqualities": {
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       "properties": {
         "$comment": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "description": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "label": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "sdfRef": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
         },
         "sdfRequired": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/pointer-list"
         },
         "sdfOutputData": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/parameter-list"
         },
         "sdfData": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-"
         }
       },
-      "additionalProperties": false
+      "additionalProperties": {
+      }
     },
     "items-": {
       "type": "object",
       "properties": {
         "$comment": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "sdfRef": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/sdf-pointer"
         },
         "description": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "minimum": {
           "type": "number"
         },
         "maximum": {
           "type": "number"
         },
         "format": {
           "type": "string"
         },
         "minLength": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
         },
         "maxLength": {
           "$ref": "#/definitions/uint"
         }
       },
-      "additionalProperties": false
+      "additionalProperties": {
+      }
     },
     "format-": {
-      "type": "string",
-      "enum": [
-        "date-time",
-        "date",
-        "time",
-        "uri",
-        "uri-reference",
-        "uuid"
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "date-time"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "date"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "time"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "uri"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "uri-reference"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "uuid"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        }
       ]
     },
+    "sdfType-": {
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "byte-string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "unix-time"
+        },
+        {
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/sdftype-name"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "subtype-": {
+      "anyOf": [
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "byte-string"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string",
+          "const": "unix-time"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "string"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "enum-": {
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "$ref": "#/definitions/allowed-types"
+      },
+      "minItems": 1
+    },
     "sdfData-sdfChoice-properties-": {
       "type": "object",
       "additionalProperties": {
         "$ref": "#/definitions/dataqualities"
       }
     },
     "type-": {
       "type": "string",
       "enum": [
         "number",
         "string",
         "boolean",
         "integer",
         "array"
       ]
     },
     "sdfEvent-": {
       "type": "object",
       "additionalProperties": {
         "$ref": "#/definitions/eventqualities"
       }
     },
     "sdfAction-": {
       "type": "object",
       "additionalProperties": {
         "$ref": "#/definitions/actionqualities"
       }
     },
     "sdfProperty-": {
       "type": "object",
       "additionalProperties": {
         "$ref": "#/definitions/propertyqualities"
       }
-    },
-    "sdfType-": {
-      "type": "string",
-      "enum": [
-        "byte-string",
-        "unix-time"
-      ]
     }
   }
 }

Appendix C. Data Qualities inspired by json-schema.org

Data qualities define data used in SDF affordances at an information model level. A popular way to describe JSON data at a data model level is proposed by a number of drafts on json-schema.org (which collectively are abbreviated JSO here)); for reference to a popular version we will point here to [I-D.handrews-json-schema-validation-01]. As the vocabulary used by JSO is familiar to many JSON modelers, the present specification borrows some of the terms and ports their semantics to the information model level needed for SDF.¶

The main data quality imported is the "type". In SDF, this can take one of six (text string) values, which are discussed in the following subsections (note that the JSO type "null" is not supported as a value of this data quality in SDF).¶

The additional quality "const" restricts the data to one specific value (given as the value of the const quality).¶

Similarly, the additional quality "default" provides data that can be used in the absence of the data (given as the value of the const quality); this is mainly documentary and not very well-defined for SDF as no process is defined that would add default values to an instance of something.¶

C.1. type "`number`", type "`integer`"

The types "number" and "integer" are associated with floating point and integer numbers, as they are available in JSON. A type value of integer means that only integer values of JSON numbers can be used (note that 10.0 is an integer value, even if it is in a notation that would also allow non-zero decimal fractions).¶

The additional data qualities "minimum", "maximum", "exclusiveMinimum", "exclusiveMaximum" provide number values that serve as inclusive/exclusive lower/upper bounds for the number. (Note that the Boolean form of "exclusiveMinimum"/"exclusiveMaximum" found in earlier JSO drafts is not used.)¶

The data quality "multipleOf" gives a positive number that constrains the data value to be an integer multiple of the number given. (Type "integer" can also be expressed as a "multipleOf" quality of value 1, unless another "multipleOf" quality is present.)¶

C.2. type "`string`"

The type "string" is associated with Unicode text string values as they are available in JSON.¶

The length (as measured in characters) can be constrained by the additional data qualities "minLength" and "maxLength", which are inclusive bounds. Note that the previous version of the present document explained text string length values in bytes, which however is not meaningful unless bound to a specific encoding (which could be UTF-8, if this unusual behavior is to be restored).¶

The data quality "pattern" takes a string value that is interpreted as an [ECMA-262] regular expression in Unicode mode that constrain the string (note that these are not anchored by default, so unless ^ and $ anchors are employed, ECMA-262 regular expressions match any string that contains a match). The JSO proposals acknowledge that regular expression support is rather diverse in various platforms, so the suggestion is to limit them to:¶

characters;¶
character classes in square brackets, including ranges; their complements;¶
simple quantifiers *, +, ?, and range quantifiers {n}, {n,m}, and {n,};¶
grouping parentheses;¶
the choice operator |;¶
and anchors (beginning-of-input ^ and end-of-input $).¶

Note that this subset is somewhat similar to the subset introduced by iregexps [I-D.ietf-jsonpath-iregexp], which however are anchored regular expressions, and which include certain backslash escapes for characters and character classes.¶

The additional data quality "format" can take one of the following values. Note that, at an information model level, the presence of this data quality changes the type from being a simple text string to the abstract meaning of the format given (i.e., the format "date-time" is less about the specific syntax employed in [RFC3339] than about the usage as an absolute point in civil time).¶

"date-time", "date", "time": An [RFC3339] date-time, full-date, or full-time, respectively.¶
"uri", "uri-reference": An [RFC3986] URI or URI Reference, respectively.¶
"uuid": An [RFC4122] UUID.¶

C.3. type "`boolean`"

The type "boolean" can take the values "true" or "false".¶

C.4. type "`array`"

The type "array" is associated with arrays as they are available in JSON.¶

The additional quality "items" gives the type that each of the elements of the array must match.¶

The number of elements in the array can be constrained by the additional data qualities "minItems" and "maxItems", which are inclusive bounds.¶

The additional data quality "uniqueItems" gives a Boolean value that, if true, requires the elements to be all different.¶

C.5. type "`object`"

The type "object" is associated with maps, from strings to values, as they are available in JSON ("objects").¶

The additional quality "properties" is a map the entries of which describe entries in the specified JSON object: The key gives an allowable map key for the specified JSON object, and the value is a map with a named set of data qualities giving the type for the corresponding value in the specified JSON object.¶

All entries specified this way are optional, unless they are listed in the value of the additional quality "required", which is an array of string values that give the key names of required entries.¶

Note that the term "properties" as an additional quality for defining map entries is unrelated to sdfProperty.¶

C.6. Implementation notes

JSO-based keywords are also used in the specification techniques of a number of ecosystems, but some adjustments may be required.¶

E.g., [OCF] is based on Swagger 2.0 which appears to be based on "draft-4" [I-D.wright-json-schema] (also called draft-5, but semantically intended to be equivalent to draft-4). The "exclusiveMinimum" and "exclusiveMaximum" keywords use the Boolean form there, so on import to SDF their values have to be replaced by the values of the respective "minimum"/"maximum" keyword, which are themselves then removed; the reverse transformation applies on export.¶

TBD: add any useful implementation notes we can find for other ecosystems that use JSO.¶

Quality	Type	Description
(common)		Section 4.6
sdfInputData	map	data qualities of the input data for an Action
sdfOutputData	map	data qualities of the output data for an Action
sdfData	named-sdq	zero or more named data type definitions that might be used in the above