READPROFILE(8)

NAME
readprofile - read kernel profiling information

SYNOPSIS

readprofile [options]

VERSION

This manpage documents version 2.0 of the program.

DESCRIPTION

The readprofile command uses the /proc/profile information to print ascii data on standard output. The output is organized in three columns: the first is the number of clock ticks, the second is the name of the C function in the kernel where those many ticks occurred, and the third is the normalized `load' of the procedure, calculated as a ratio between the number of ticks and the length of the procedure. The output is filled with blanks to ease readability.

This utility is a diagnostic tool and is not designed or intended for use in security-sensitive contexts (e.g., setuid, setgid, sudo, or similar privilege-elevation scenarios). It is installed without any special permissions.

OPTIONS

-a, --all
    Print all symbols in the mapfile. By default the procedures with reported ticks are not printed.

-b, --histbin
    Print individual histogram-bin counts.

-i, --info
    Info. This makes readprofile only print the profiling step used by the kernel. The profiling step is the resolution of the profiling buffer, and is chosen during kernel configuration (through make config), or in the kernel’s command line. If the -t (terse) switch is used together with -i only the decimal number is printed.

-m, --mapfile mapfile
    Specify a mapfile, which by default is /boot/System.map. You should specify the map file on cmdline if your current kernel isn’t the last one you compiled, or if you keep System.map elsewhere. If the name of the map file ends with .gz it is decompressed on the fly.

-n, --no-auto
    Disable automatic byte order detection.

-M, --multiplier multiplier
    On some architectures it is possible to alter the frequency at which the kernel delivers profiling interrupts to each CPU. This option allows you to set the frequency, as a multiplier of the system clock frequency, HZ. Linux 2.6.16 dropped multiplier support for most systems. This option also resets the profiling buffer, and requires superuser privileges.

-p, --profile pro-file
    Specify a different profiling buffer, which by default is /proc/profile. Using a different pro-file is useful if you want to `freeze' the kernel profiling at some time and read it later. The /proc/profile file can be copied using cat(1) or cp(1). There is no more support for compressed profile buffers, like in readprofile-1.1, because the program needs to know the size of the buffer in advance.

-r, --reset
    Reset the profiling buffer. This can only be invoked by root, because /proc/profile is readable by everybody but writable only by the superuser.

-s, --counters
    Print individual counters within functions.

-v, --verbose
    Verbose. The output is organized in four columns and filled with blanks. The first column is the RAM address of a kernel function, the second is the name of the function, the third is the number of clock ticks and the last is the normalized load.

-h, --help
    Display help text and exit.

-V, --version
    Display version and exit.

FILES

/proc/profile
    A binary snapshot of the profiling buffer.

/usr/src/linux/System.map
    The symbol table for the kernel.

/usr/src/linux/*
    The program being profiled :-)

BUGS

readprofile only works with a 1.3.x or newer kernel, because /proc/profile changed in the step from 1.2 to 1.3.

This program only works with ELF kernels. The change for a.out kernels is trivial, and left as an exercise to the a.out user.

To enable profiling, the kernel must be rebooted, because no profiling module is available, and it wouldn’t be easy to build. To enable profiling, you can specify profile=2 (or another number) on the kernel commandline. The number you specify is the two-exponent used as profiling step.

Profiling is disabled when interrupts are inhibited. This means that many profiling ticks happen when interrupts are re-enabled. Watch out for misleading information.

EXAMPLE

Browse the profiling buffer ordering by clock ticks:

       readprofile | sort -nr | less

Print the 20 most loaded procedures:

       readprofile | sort -nr +2 | head -20

Print only filesystem profile:

       readprofile | grep _ext2

Look at all the kernel information, with ram addresses:

       readprofile -av | less

Browse a 'frozen' profile buffer for a non current kernel:

       readprofile -p ~/profile.freeze -m /zImage.map.gz

Request profiling at 2kHz per CPU, and reset the profiling buffer:

       readprofile -M 20

REPORTING BUGS

For bug reports, use the

AVAILABILITY

The readprofile command is part of the util-linux package which can be downloaded from